• Presence and telepresence emerged as the central theoretical lens in VR, with multidimensional definitions, perceptual and cognitive determinants, and subjective experience informing design and evaluation [5], [6], [4], [17], [11], [1], [9].

• VR is framed as a practical instructional and design medium, used for visual-spatial tasks, architectural human factors, navigation tooling, and collaborative research spaces, bridging theory and real-world applications [7], [15], [12], [13], [18].

• Interaction design in virtual worlds emphasizes natural affordances, scalable reach, and shared interfaces, blending go-go style manipulation, navigation aids, and multi-user collaboration to support presence and task performance [19], [12], [9], [18], [13].

• Sickness and diffusion barriers influence VR uptake, prompting empirical reviews and regional activity mapping to chart constraints, adoption pathways, and mitigation strategies [10], [14], [16].